Method of justifying type lines



' July 30, 1935. .1. Q. SHERMAN 2,009,860

mmnon OF JUSTIFYING TYPE LINES Filed Sept. 1, 1950 o borrowing fI'o ion15 equelly syllable are E E mportant par real 1y gives oot or the stemmore from the L B perfnaining to (0 oy t hat marln NNNNNNNIQJNNN H koooPatented July 30, 1935 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 4 Claims.

This invention relates to type setting and more particularly to a methodof justifying lines of set type whereby the operator may be advised inadvance of the additional number of quads 5 or space elements to beinserted as the setting of the line of type progresses to insure theline being filled or extended to the required dimension when completed.

The present method is designed for use more particularly in conjunctionwith type setting machines of the keyboard style used for setting typefor multigraphing or letter duplicating machines, but which are alsoused for setting bookprinting type and the like.

The copy for use in setting the type'is typewritten in page form.However, in the ordinary typewriter no justification of lines can beeffected, and consequently the right hand margin of the typewritten copyhas a more or less ragged appearance due to the inequality of the lines.To justify the lines of type, it is necessary to increase the spacingbetween words of the shorter lines to make all lines of like extentwhereby their terminal letters will be presented in vertical alignment.Ordinarily, a printer justifies a line of type after the setting of theentire line has been completed by going back over the line of type andinserting quads or space slugs as may be neces sary until the line istight.

The object of the present invention is to enable the operator to know inadvance the exact number of extra quads or space elements, in additionto those necessary for normal word spacing, which will be required toset a tight line or one extended to the maximum lineal dimension.

There are several ways in which this pre-indication of the requirednumber of quads or space slugs may be effected. One of these methods ishereinafter shown by illustrated typed paragraphs embodied herein. Avariation of such method is illustrated in the accompanying drawing inwhich Fig. 1 is a plan view of a portion of a sheet of typed matter towhich there is shown applied a calibrated chart for indicating to theoperator the extent of the deficiencies of the short lines of the typedmatter and the number of symbols.

Like parts are indicated by similar characters of reference throughoutthe several views.

The most simple method of carrying out the present invention consists infilling out each typewritten line of copy matter from which the type isto be set by adding at the end of the line one or more symbols such asan asterisk a dollar sign numeral sign (it) or any other character whichshall be arbitrarily adopted for the purpose. Each such added symbolwill indicate a double space'slug or quad to be used between words ofthe line to extend the line therequired distance. Typewritten copyhaving succeeding lines of unequal length thus prepared to be set intype will have the appearance of the following paragraph:

The language now called English had its" first existence as anindividual tongue, differ-*** entiated from other Teutonic dialects inthe early centuries of the Christian Era. Its home was* among certaintribes living on the main-****** land of Europe where Belgium, Holland,Den-* mark, and Northern Germany are now shown" on the map. It had afairly elaborate grammar* with many infiectional endings as in Latin andGreek. It was probably the vehicle of a very" fine oral literature oflays and epics of which" everything but a few relatively lateexamples*** have been lost.

When setting such matter in type, instead of employing the normal quadsor space slugs between words, the intermediate spacing between differentwords of the line will be increased by inserting additional space slugsr quads in as many instances as symbols appear at the end of thetypewritten copy line.

When so extended by the addition of additional quads or space elementsdistributed throughout the line, the paragraph will contain lines ofequal length, i. e., justified, and will appear as follows:

The language now called English had its first existence as an individualtongue, differentiated from other Teutonic dialects in the earlycenturies of. the Christian Era. Its home was among certain tribesliving on the mainland of Europe where Belgium, Holland, Denmark, andNorthern Germany are now shown on the map. It had a fairly elaborategrammar with many infiectional endings as in Latin and Greek. It wasprobably the vehicle of a very fine oral literature of lays and epics ofwhich everything but a few relatively late examples have been lost."

In lieu of filling out the short lines of the copy with symbolsindicative of double spaces to be used between words, there may beemployed a calibrated chart, preferably in the form of a transparentmask to be laid over the typewritten copy or inserted beneath such copy,in the event an illuminated transparency is employed for displaying thecopy. Such chart is illustrated in Fig. 1 of the drawing and consists ofa strip I 01' transparent material such as celluloid, having imprintedthereon successive columns of numerals or symbols spaced vertically toagree with the succeeding lines of the typewritten copy, the columnsbeing laterally or horizontally spaced in accordance with units of typeline measurement, which in the printing industry is the em of theparticular type font being used. In ordinary typewriting type, theletters are compressed or extended into uniform lineal dimension. Hencethe spacing of the vertical column 2 of the chart will ordinarily agreewith the spacing of successive letters of typewritten copy.

By registering the right -hand column 2 of numerals or symbols appearingupon the chart I with the final letter of the longest line of thetypewritten copy, the numerals or symbols exposed beyond the extremityof other shorter lines will indicate the number of additional spaceslugs or quads to be inserted between words of such line to insure afull line equal in length to that of the longest line of the copy.

In Fig. 1 of the drawing the calibration chart I is shown provided withvertical columns of digits l to 6 increasing numerically from right toleft. By applying this chart either over or under the copy sheet withthe transverse rows of digits aligned with the lines of the copy andwith the right hand column of digits in registry with the final letterof the longest line of the copy, many of the digits upon the chart willbe obscured by the overlying terminal letters of different lines of thecopy or vice versa, leaving, however, exposed to view other digitsbeyond the extremities of the shorter lines. The highest digit thusexposed to view beyond the terminal letter of a short line indicates thenumber of additional space slugs or quads necessary to be inserted insuch line to complete the line to the full extent.

Instead of employing full em quads or space slugs, quads or slugs of onehalf the normal extent may be employed in which case a. double number ofsuch half space slugs must be inserted. In such case, instead ofimprinting the calibration chart with columns of consecutive digits asshown in Fig. 1, these columns may comprise figures 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.as shown in Fig. 2. Thus the highest figure exposed to View at the endof a short line of the copy when the chart and copy are superposed oneupon the other, is indicative of the-number of half spaces or half emquads necessary to fill the line to the proper extent.

Instead of employing numerals upon the calibration chart, as indicatedin Figs. 1 and 2, arbitrary symbols may be employed as illustrated inFig. 3. These symbols are arranged in vertical columns agreeing with thelineal spacing of successive letters in the line of copy and arevertically spaced in' such columns in accordance with the spacing ofsuccessive lines of the copy. When this chart is arranged in superposedrelation with the copy sheet with the right hand column of.

symbols in registry with the final letter of the longest line, theterminal letters of shorter lines will obscure certain symbols of thechart by overlying or underlying such symbols, leaving exposed howeverother symbols beyond the terminal letter of such shorter line. Thenumber of such exposed symbols following the terminal letter of theshorter line is indicative of the number of space elements to beinserted in such shorter lines in order to fill the lines to therequired extent.

As before mentioned, this method of justification of type lines isespecially desirable for use in connection with keyboard operatedtypesetting machines. In such typesetting machine the feeding ofdiiferent type from a suitable magazineis controlled by the operation ofkeys such as typewriter keys. In fact in one instance a typewritingmachine is operatively connected' with the discharge mechanism of thetype magazine whereby type are fed from the-magazine in accordance withthe typewriter keys operated and space elements likewise discharged inaccordance with the operation of the space bar of the controllingtypewriter. To facilitate carrying out the present method ofjustification, it is proposed to add to such typesetting machine an ad-.ditional magazine of space slugs or quads and to provide a series ofcontrol keys numbered as from one to six or higher if necessary whichwhen depressed will release into such magazine a corresponding number ofspace elements or quads to besubsequently discharged from the magazinein conjunction with a normal space element or quad upon the operation ofthe space bar of the controlling keyboard. That is to say, when thespace bar of the keyboard is depressed. there will be discharged intothe type line a normal space element and also an additional spaceelement from such auxiliary magazine until the supply in such auxiliarymagazine is exhausted.

The operator by reference to the calibration chart l or by noting thenumber of symbols appearing at the end of the line of copy ascertainsthe number of additional .space elements or quads required to fill theline and depresses the corresponding auxiliary magazine key, releasingthis number of space elements into the auxiliary magazine. No furtherattention is then required as these additional space elements or quadswill be fed automatically upon the depression of the keyboard space bar.

To provide for greater flexibility and more uniform distribution ofspacing, multiple auxiliary magazines are provided for full em half emand quarter em quads to be ejected by the operation of the key boardspace bar as may be required to fill out particular lines. instead of aplurality of control keys for loading thev auxiliary magazines with therequired number of quads to justify a line, there may be but one suchmagazine loading key which will be repeatedly operated as many times asrequired quads are indicated at the end of the copy line. Thus theoperator looking at the copy line and noting the highest numeraldisplayed on the chart, or the number of symbols appearing at the end ofthe line will operate the magazine loading key a corresponding number oftimes. If numerical keys are provided the corresponding numerical keywill be operated to deposit in the auxiliary magazine the necessarynumber of quads. These quads are then automatically ejectedsimultaneously with the quads from the regular reservoir by theoperation of the key board space bar' until exhausted. Thus at eachoperation of the key board space bar there will Likewise 2,009,860 be afull "em quad discharged from the regular magazine and also anadditional quad either full, half or quarter until the auxiliary supplyis exhausted, after which only the normal space quads will be ejected.

Suchmechanical construction forms no part of the present invention butis briefly referred to herein order that the application of the presentinvention may be more fully understood.

From the above description it will be apparent that there is thusprovided a device of the character described possessing the particularfeatures of advantage before enumerated as desirable, but whichobviously is susceptible of modification in its-form, proportions,detail construction and arrangement of parts without departing from theprinciple involved or sacrificing any of its 'advantages.

While in ordento comply with the statute the invention has beendescribed in language more or less specific as to structural features,it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specificdetails shown, but that the means and construction herein disclosedcomprise the preferred form of several modes of putting the inventioninto effect and the invention is, therepended claims. 30

fore, claimed in any of its fonns or modifications within the legitimateand valid scope of the ap- Having thus described my invention, Iclaim: 1. As an article of manufacture means for adding to the ends oftyped lines sumcient characters to extend the lines .to predeterminedlength, such characters being indicative of thespace elements forjustification of such lines;

comprising a transparent chart having thereon a plurality of charactersarranged in columns spaced apart horizontally in agreement-with thelineal spacing of the type of a typed line, the characters. being spacedapart vertically in said columns in agreement with the spacing ofsuccessive lines of a body of typed matter, such chart beingapplicableto a page-of typed lines with such characters forming continuations ofthe lines thereby extending the 'lines to predetermined extent.

2. As an article of manufacture, a chart for determining the amount ofjustification required in a body of typed material, comprising atransparent chart having thereon a pluralityof columns of digitsprogressing numerically from right to left to be added at the ends ofsucceedinglines of typed material, such digits being indicative of therequisite space elements necessary to extend the corresponding lines topredetermined length, the columns of digits being spaced aparthorizontally in accordance with the spacing of successive letters in atyped line to be measured and the digits being spaced apart verticallyin the respective columns in accordance with the relative spacing ofsucceeding lines of the typed matter to be measured.

3. As an article of manufacture, a chartfor determining the amount ofjustification required in a body of typed material, comprising atransparent chart, said chart bearing indices in relatively spacedrelation agreeing with the spacing of succeeding characters of the typedmatter to be measured to be added to the ends of succeeding lines oftyped material by application of the chart thereto, and employed. tomeasure in units of type line measurement the extent of space elementsnecessary to extend the measured type line to predetermined extent.

4. A calibration chart for use with a typed page having lines of unequalextent for predetermining the number of space quads necessary to beinserted to fill said lines to a prescribed length said chart havingindices thereon in lineal spacing agreeing with the type spacing of theline, said chart and sheet to be superposed one upon the other, one ofsaid members being transparent whereby the type of said line and indicesof the chartwill be simultaneously visible, a portion of the indices ofsaid chart being'visible beyond the extremity of the typed line beingmeasured, such visible indices being indicative of the number of spacequads additional to the normal requirement of the line necessary toextend the line to a given dimension.

- JOHN Q. SHERMAN.

